We are pleased to present the second issue of Przegląd Lekarski – Jagiellonian Medical Review, featuring a compelling collection of original research, reviews, and a striking clinical image—all addressing timely topics across transfusion medicine, women’s health, cardiology imaging, urology, and emergency diagnostics.

We begin with an original article by Lizoń et al,1 which assesses the prevalence of anti–human leukocyte antigen antibodies in blood donors previously exposed to foreign antigens through pregnancy or transfusion. Using a specialized laboratory assay, the authors reveal a high prevalence of antibody positivity in this at-risk group, emphasizing the importance of standardized testing methods and calling for further research into the clinical relevance of these findings in transfusion outcomes.

In another original article, Trojnarska et al2 explore how pregnancy serves as an opportunity for early cervical cancer detection, especially among women lacking regular screening. The authors analyze a cohort referred for colposcopy and identify key risk factors for abnormal cytology results, such as human papillomavirus status and smoking. Their findings underscore the value of tailored perinatal care and postpartum follow-up, as well as the need for histopathological vigilance during pregnancy—even when the risk of progression to cancer is low.

The present issue also includes an extensive review by Żarczyński et al3 on the expanding role of coronary computed tomography in diagnosing chronic coronary syndromes. The article highlights innovations, such as computed tomography–derived fractional flow reserve, stress perfusion imaging, and the fat attenuation index, all of which contribute to earlier and more precise risk stratification. The authors contextualize these advances within the latest European Society of Cardiology guidelines, offering a future-oriented perspective on noninvasive cardiovascular diagnostics.

Subsequently, we introduce a paper by Michalik et al,4 which provides an expert review on aortic stenosis (AS), the most common valvular disease in the elderly. The authors present an evidence-based comparison of surgical aortic valve replacement vs transcatheter aortic valve implantation. As the aging population grows, the need for individualized treatment approaches becomes more urgent. This review synthesizes data from landmark trials and highlights the need for multidisciplinary, patient-centered decision-making in AS management.

Furthermore, in a broad-scope review, Szymanski et al5 revisit the growing burden of urolithiasis, discussing its multifactorial pathophysiology, modern diagnostic strategies, and evolving treatment options. With recurrence rates nearing 60% and rising global incidence, the authors emphasize the importance of prevention, minimally invasive interventions, and individualized care to mitigate long-term health and economic impact.

We conclude this issue with a striking clinical image by Czerwiec and Sobczyk,6 presenting a rare case of Stanford type A aortic dissection complicated by pericardial tamponade and ischemic stroke, diagnosed in a prehospital setting using point-of-care ultrasound. The case highlights the life-saving potential of rapid, accessible imaging in acute cardiovascular emergencies.

Readers are encouraged to examine these contributions, each of which presents essential clinical insights and creates opportunities for further inquiry. It is our hope that this issue of Przegląd Lekarski – Jagiellonian Medical Review inspires reflection and progress in your professional practice and research.