Gastrointestinal motility disorders in endocrine diseases

Endocrine diseases may have systemic involvement. The aim of this paper is to review gastrointestinal and motility dysfunction in endocrine diseases. We review motility disturbances in thyroid disorders, acromegaly, Cushing syndrome, neurohypophysis disorders, diabetes, parathyroid diseases, and multiple endocrine neoplasia, with emphasis placed on the correlation with the blood levels of gastrointestinal hormones that may interfere with the brain‑gut axis at various levels.