The kidneys and antiphospholipid syndrome

There are clinical observations and data from literature showing that kidney involvement is frequently found in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The clinical pictures of renal involvement in APS can be different: from modest to severe hypertension, nephritic or nephrotic syndrome and chronic kidney disease at all stages. There is no clear connection between the presence of a significant level of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) and advancing of nephropathy especially occurring in course of connective tissue diseases. In the paper the relations between APS, the presence of aPL and nephropathy have been discussed.